Sixteen Kingdoms
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{| width="150" align="right" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #ffffff;" ! style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff" align="center" | History of Chinaseries |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | The Three August Ones and the Five Emperors |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Xia Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Shang Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Zhou Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Spring and Autumn Period |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Warring States Period |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Qin Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Western Han Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Xin Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Eastern Han Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Three Kingdoms |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Jin Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Sixteen Kingdoms |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Southern and Northern Dynasties |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Sui Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Tang Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Song Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Liao Empire |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Western Xia Empire |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Jin Empire |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Yuan Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Ming Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | Qing Dynasty |- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | Republic of China
|- | style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;" | People's Republic of China (1, 2, 3, 4) |} The '''Sixteen Kingdoms''', or less commonly the '''Sixteen States''', were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. Originally, the term was first introduced by Cui Hong in the lost historical record, ''Shiliuguo Chunqiu'' (Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms) and restricted to sixteen kingdoms of this era, namely the states of Han Zhao, Later Zhao, Cheng Han, Former Liang, Later Liang, Northern Liang, Western Liang, Southern Liang, Former Yan, Later Yan, Northern Yan, Southern Yan, Former Qin, Later Qin and Western Qin and Xia. The term has been broadened to included all sovereignities from 304 to 439. A less used term, the '''Period of Sixteen Kingdoms''' represents this turbulent era from 304 to 439. Almost all rulers of the kingdoms were part of the Wu Hu ethnicity and claimed to be the emperors and wangs (kings). The Han Chinese founded the four states of the Northern Yan, Western Liang, Former Liang and the state of Wei (by Ran Min). Six Chinese rulers of the Former Liang remained titularly under the government of the Jin Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty is not counted as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms even though it was founded during the Period. Rulers of each of the Kingdoms are listed in relevant articles. ==Related Topics== *Wu Hu *List of past Chinese ethnic groups *Sinicization *Avars *Battle of Fei *''Shiliuguo Chunqiu'' {|cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f7f8ff; float:right; border:2px solid; margin:5px" !style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:1px solid; font-size:80%"|This article is part of
the Sixteen Kingdoms
series. || |- |align=center style="background:#ffdead;"|'''16 Kingdoms''' || |- |align=center|Cheng Han || |- |align=center|Han Zhao || |- |align=center|Later Zhao || |- |align=center|Former Liang || |- |align=center|Later Liang || |- |align=center|Western Liang || |- |align=center|Northern Liang || |- |align=center|Southern Liang || |- |align=center|Former Qin || |- |align=center|Later Qin || |- |align=center|Western Qin || |- |align=center|Former Yan || |- |align=center|Later Yan || |- |align=center|Northern Yan || |- |align=center|Southern Yan || |- |align=center|Xia || |- |align=center style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Not included'''
'''in 16 Kingdoms''' || |- |align=center|Wei || |- |align=center|Shu || |- |align=center|Western Yan || |- |align=center|Duan || |- |align=center|Yuwen || |- |align=center|Chouchi || |- |align=center|Dingling || |- | style="text-align: center;"|Edit this box || |} ja:五胡十六国時代 zh:十六国
